CONTEMPORARY SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ART (1400-1799) |
CONTEMPORARIES |
YEARS |
DEVELOPMENTS |
LEONARDO DA VINCI (Other Da Vinci reference?????.) His observation/speculation: "Fire consumes air." (→ later ideas of combustion.) TRITHEMUS RAPHAEL |
1400 |
ca. 1450: invention of printing by LAURENZ COSTER at Haarlem and JOHANN GUTENBERG in Mainz. 1454: Fall of Constantinople to the Turks. Scattering of Greek scientists spreads knowledge. |
AGRIPPA VON NETTESHEIM ALBRECHT DÜRER MARTIN LUTHER |
1500 |
ca. 1510: NÜTZLICHES BERGBUECHLEIN" (geological and mineralogical) "PROBIERBUCHLEIN" (assaying). Two practical handbooks, authorship unknown, for mining engineers and metallurgists. 1543: COPERNICUS--- "DE REVOLUTIONIBUS ORBIUM COELESTIUM" 1543: ANDREAS VESALIUS--- "DE HUMANI CORPORIS FABRICA." Overthrow of Galenic philosophy; foundation of modern anatomy. TYCHO BRAHE--- introduces more exact measurements |
MICHELANGELO TITIAN |
1550 |
PALISSY: Maker and decorator of pottery. His own discoveries of little importance, but he showed by precept and example the value of experiment. 1540: VANNUCIO BIRINGUCCIO: "DE LA PIROTECHNIA". First systematic treatment of mining and metallurgy. First description of the recovery of silver by amalgamation. CONRAD GESSNER: "DE REMEDIUS SECRETIS", etc. 1556: "DE RE METALLICA"--- AGRICOLA. On mining, metallurgy, etc. Greatest work on any chemical industry written before the 17th Century. 1574: "BESCHREIBUNG: ALLERFUNEMISTEN MINERALISCHEN ERTZT UNND BERCKWERKS ARTEN" ERCKER. Second only to AGRICOLA (see above) in contributions to mining and metallurgy. 1590: First compound microscope by HANS and ZACHARIAS JANSSEN. 1597: "ALCHEMIA" --- LIBAVIUS. First real textbook of chemistry. Preparation of ammonium sulfate; H2SO4 from sulfur and saltpeter. |
1600: WILLIAM GILBERT--- "DE MAGNETE." 1600: BRUNO burnt. 1601: DELLA PORTA 1603: GALILEO--- First thermoscope. 1605: FRANCIS BACON--- "THE ADVANCEMENT OF LEARNING" 1608: First telescope by LIPPERSHEY, ZACHARIAS JENSEN, and METIUS. 1609: JOHANN KEPLER--- "ASTRONOMIA NOVA." Elliptical orbits of planets. 1627: JOHANN KEPLER: "TABULAE RUDOLPHINAE" KEPLER: "DIOPTRICS" (Theory of the telescope). WILLIAM HARVEY (1628): "DE MOTU CORDIS." Announcement of the circulation of blood. 1632: GALILEO--- "DIOLOGO" 1637:RENÉ DESCARTES--- "DISCOURS DE LA METHODE" 1638:GALILEO--- "DISCORSI E DIAMONSTRAZIONE MATEMATISCHE" 1639:GASCOIGNE--- invents micrometer. 1643:TORRICELLI--- Discovers pressure of air and nature of barometric vacuum. 1645: Beginnings of the ROYAL SOCIETY ("The Invisible College") |
1600 |
GASSENDI JOHANN and JOHANN ISAAC HOLLANDUS. (ca. 1600): Works of little importance that probably are drawn, in part, from PARACELSUS. GLAUBER: excellent practical chemist and reliable recorder. Substituted water for mercury in the TRIA PRIMA of PARACELSUS.
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<THOMAS HOBBES ATHANASIUS KIRCHER HOOKE ---- 1665: "MICROGRAPHIA." 1657: HUYGENS--- First pendulum clock. 1662: Charter of the ROYAL SOCIETY 1668: Académie Royal des Sciences, in Paris 1669:NEWTON--- The Calculus 1672: GUERICKE--- "EXPERIMENTA NOVA." 1704:NEWTON's "OPTICS." Newton suggests force of chemical attraction: |
1650 |
1687:NEWTON's "PRINCIPIA." 1690:HUYGENS--- "TRAITÉ DE LUMIERE." 1698:SAVERY--- Steam pump. |
BEGINNINGS OF ORGANIC AND BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRYMuch anatomical and physiological work prior to 1700 (see Iatrochemistry) contributed to the beginnings of physiological chemistry. | ||
1712: NEWCOMEN--- Steam engine. 1714:FAHRENHEIT--- Mercury thermometer. 1735: LINNAEUS--- "SYSTEMA NATURAE." 1743: Founding American Philosophical Society 1745: Leyden jar condenser. 1751: FRANKLIN--- "EXPERIMENTS AND OBSERVATIONS ON ELECTRICITY 1756: Cement first made. 1761: MORGANI--- "DE SEDIBUS ET CAUSIS MORBORUM" 1768:WATT--- Hot cylinder and separate condenser. F.M. VOLTAIRE DAVID HUME IMMANUEL KANT J.J. ROUSSEAU |
1700 |
BEGINNINGS OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRYTACHENIUS (ca. 1620-1690): Devised the rudiments of one of the first qualitative analysis systems. NEUMAN: Analyzed many substances, chiefly organic. HOFFMAN: Introduced many methods of analysis, especially of waters. HALES: "Plants obtain nutriment from the air." Conception of blood pressure. POTT: Developed dry methods of analysis. Showed that "plumbago" contains no lead. MARGGRAF: Improved wet methods of analysis. Determined composition of gypsum, phosphoric acid, magnesia. 1753: LUND: "A TREATISE OF THE SCURVY" Work of BLACK, MACBRIDE, et al., shows relation of CO2 to fermentation and putrefaction. MACBRIDE: Fixed air is united to red corpuscles. |
- | 1750 |
SCHEELE: Isolated or prepared: tartaric, prussic, hydrofluoric, molybdic, tungstic, arsenic, lactic, citric, malid acids. Glycerol from fat. |
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1771: PRIESTLEY: Transpiring plants give off
"dephlogisticated air". LAVOISIER: First determination of respiratory quotient. 1773: ROUELLE: Composition of plant ash. BERGMAN: extensive works on analysis, especially water. Comparative analysis of iron and steel. ca. 1774: BERGMAN: FIXED AIR (CO2): AERIAL ACID. Recognized three constituents of air:
1775: "DE ATTRACTIONIBUS ELECTIVIS." KLAPROTH: Refined and improved analytical methods and standards, particularly quantitative analysis. One of the first to appreciate the importance of pure reagents. 1779: INGENHOUSZ: "EXPERIMENTS UPON VEGETABLES." 1785: BERTHOLLET: Chlorine as bleach. |